The Zizphora L is one of the genuses of Labiatae family with four species and ten subspecies. ZIZIPHORA TENUIOR L is one of these genus members, which naturally grows throughout Iran. These plants have medical values in traditional medicine of Iran and used as food spicies aswell. In this study in order to investigate the effect of various ecological factors such as height, kind of soil, water, air and metals on morphological structure, 12geographical population of this species had been collected from their natural habitat and 17 qualitative and quantities morphological attributes with 4 repetition from growth and productive organs had been studied and the dendrogram had been drown on the basis of the above-mentioned attributes. The results of this study showed that the environmental factors and adaphic independent of each other and with each other affect the morphological properties of these plants and give rise to varieties in form. Among the environmental factors under consideration, the genus of soil had the minimum of effect and the type of habitat and height had maximum effect on the growth and production organs. Based on the results of this study, it can be claimed that: species which have a wide range of spreading in the nature and grow in different geographical regions are not consistent in the range of spreading, but rather under the influence of different ecological factors adapt themselves to their habitat and varieties in the morphological form of plants they, will create and cause phenotypic plasticity which we can consider them as types of adaphic and geographical ecotypes.

Background: ZIZIPHORA TENUIOR is one of the traditional medicinal plants. The main active chemical compounds in this plant is Pulegone that its anti-inflammatory and its analgesic effects is well specified. In the present study, the analgesic effects of ZIZIPHORA TENUIOR native of Sirjan zone (underflow) on the adult male mice was studied.Materials and Methods: In this study, after collecting leaf and twigs in Sirjan zone, The extract of ZIZIPHORA TENUIOR was prepared by soaking method. Action of analgesia was evaluated using the formalin test. Hydro alcoholic extract at concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 mg per kg of body weight, was injected intraperitoneally. The control group had no treatment, and case group received drug solvent, normal saline intraperitoneally, and group 6 received morphine to rate of 0.2 mg kg. The data gathered and analyzed by SPSS 17 software and ANOVA statistical test in a significant level (P<0.05).Results: The results of this study showed that in adult male rats intraperitoneal injection of ZIZIPHORA TENUIOR of Pariz zone (Sirjan) at concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 mg kg as morphine reduced the primary and secondary phases of pain which induced by formalin.Conclusion: The data showed that the medicinal herb of ZIZIPHORA TENUIOR, has analgesic effects on mice and this plant should be considered in future treatments and it can be a good alternative to chemical drugs.

Twenty five SCoT primers were employed to investigate genetic diversity of 42 samples of ZIZIPHORA TENUIOR from different geographical regions of Iran. A total of 209 fragments were amplified and 66% of them were polymorphic. Most amplified polymorphic fragments (10) were related to a primer named SCoT-54, while another primer named SCoT-20 showed the lowest (2) amplified polymorphic bands. Average number of amplified bands for primers was 8.36, while average number of polymorphic bands was 5.53. Polymorphic information content and discrimination power (PICD) varied between 0.217 in SCoT-31 and 0.074 in SCoT-30 with an average of 0.156. Similarity matrix was generated using Jaccard coefficient, Cluster analysis was carried out by UPGMA algorithm and principle coordinate analysis. According to the cluster analysis within the similarity coefficient of 0.7, ZIZIPHORA samples were divided into 7 groups. Based upon similarity matrix, the lowest similarity (0.59) was found for two samples from Naein and Yasuj. The highest similarity (0.98) found between two samples from Damghan and Garmsar within the same geographical region. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) suggested significant genetic differences within the samples. In fact, 89% of variation occurred within the species, whereas 11% of the variation was observed among the samples of ZIZIPHORA TENUIOR. The results finally indicated moderate genetic diversity among the studied genotypes.

Introduction Fruits and vegetables are perishable due to high humidity and biological activity after harvesting (breathing, transpiration and biochemical activities). Covering fruits with antimicrobial compounds, while being edible and safe for consumers, is an effective solution to prevent the spoilage of fruits and increase their shelf life. In developing countries, packaging, storage and transportation technologies for these products have not been developed yet. One of the cheap and high-performance methods to increase the shelf life of fruit and maintain its quality during the storage period is to use a coating on the fruit. The purpose of coating application is to reduce water loss, slow aging, polish and better marketing. In addition to improving quality, coating can protect the fruit from pathogens and contamination. Edible coatings create a thin layer on the surface of the food that are effective and eco-friendly alternatives and maintain the firmness of fresh fruits and vegetables. The main components of edible coatings are natural polysaccharides, including starch, cellulose, pectin, alginates and chitosan. These coatings apply by spraying, immersion or rubbing. The use of essential oils and other extracts of medicinal plants has been evaluated in the development of edible coatings. Adding ZIZIPHORA TENUIOR L. essential oil to food has been considered as an antioxidant and antimicrobial compound. Directly use of essential oils for fruits and vegetable shelf life has some limitations due to low solubility in water, high vapor pressure and physical and chemical instability. One of the ways to reduce these limitations is the nanoencapsulation of essential oil as. Applications of nano technology to the development of edible coatings (included various nanosystems, including polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions), efforts to control the release of essential oils. Aloe vera gel, which is extracted from the inner parts of the leaves, is clear, odorless, completely healthy and environmentally friendly and can replace the coverings used after harvesting fruits. This is a polysaccharide gel, it dissolves easily in water and has advantages such as preserving the aromatic substances inside the fruit, covering the wound and cuts and it is possible to add substances such as vitamins and essential oils to this gel. Due to the antibacterial properties of aloe vera, adding aloe vera gel to edible coatings can increase the antibacterial properties of this biodegradable coating. On the other hand, using nano technology can increase the efficiency, consistency and better quality of food coatings. Materials and Methods The aim of the present study was to prepare and produce an oral coating of nanoecapsule containing ZIZIPHORA TENUIOR L. essential oil. The components of the nanocapsule of Aloe vera gel was water, toewin and ZIZIPHORA TENUIOR L. essential oil. Fresh Aloe vera leaves were used to prepare gel. Zeta-average diameter, particle size distribution, scattering index (PDI) and zeta potential (particle surface charge) were measured. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging was used to evaluate the morphology of the nanocapsule. The stability of produced nanocapsule was evaluated by measuring the particle size changes for 3 months. Results and Discussion 21 compounds were identified in the essential oil of ZIZIPHORA TENUIOR. The main and important constituents of ZIZIPHORA TENUIOR L. essential oil were Pulegone, Menthofuran and 1,8-Cineole. The results showed that the particle size of nanocapsule containing essential oil was 84.46 nm and zeta potential was -16.02 mV. The results of transmission electron microscope (TEM) photos showed that the size of the particles is less than 200 nanometers and the shape of the particles is almost spherical. The outer surface of the capsules is completely smooth and uniform. Stability studies of particle size and zeta potential for 3 months showed that nanocapsule containing essential oils had good stability. In this formulation, the zeta potential was about -16 mV, which is due to the non-ionic parts of the surfactant on the surface of the nanocapsule, which contributes to the repulsion force and caused the stability of the size of the nanocapsules. In order to determine the amount of essential oil in the nanocapsule, spectrophotometric method was used. The percentage of essential oil in nanocapsule was 83.25%. Conclusion Nanoencapsulation of essential is one of the ways to reduce the limitations of essential oil aplication. In the present study, a nancapsule with natural and biodegradable materials (Aloe vera gel) containing ZIZIPHORA TENUIOR L. essential oil was prepared and the results showed that ZIZIPHORA TENUIOR L. essential oil was successfully encapsulated in Aloe vera gel. In general, the results of the present study showed that the nanocapsule of Aloe vera gel is a suitable carrier for ZIZIPHORA TENUIOR L. essential oil and can be used as an oral coating to preserve fruits and vegetables.

Different biological methods are gaining recognition for the production of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) due to their multiple applications. The use of plants in the synthesis of nanoparticles emerges as a cost effective and eco-friendly approach. In the present study, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using ZIZIPHORA TENUIOR L of water extraction was carried out. For this purpose the water extract of ZIZIPHORA TENUIOR L is used as the reducing agent. By addition of silver nitrate to this extract at room temperature, the color of the extract changed from pale yellow to dark brown, which showed the formation of silver nanoparticles. The characteristics of the obtained silver nanoparticles were studied using different methods, which including; ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). ZIZIPHORA TENUIOR L was found to display strong potential for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by rapid reduction of silver ions (Ag+to Ago).

Introduction: ZIZIPHORA TENUIOR L. (Z. TENUIOR) has multiple biological activities such as spasmolytic, antidiarrheal, analgesic, antidepressant and sedative effects. In the present study, the effect of ethanolic extract of Z. TENUIOR on morphine withdrawal symptoms was investigated in the male mice.Materials and Methods: In this study, 40 male mice weighing 20-30 g were used. The animals were divided into five groups of eight. The study groups included negative control or normal saline (10 ml/kg), positive control or clonidine (3.5 mg/kg), and different doses of Z. TENUIOR (50, 75, and 100 mg/kg). Dependency on morphine was induced by administration of different doses of morphine (50, 50, 75, and 50 mg/kg) in four days. On last day, after administration of single dose of morphine, naloxone (5 mg /kg) was injected and morphine withdrawal signs were observed and recorded within 30 min. All drugs and extracts were injected intraperitoneally with a single volume of 10 ml/kg.Results: Results showed that at all doses (50, 75 and 100 mg/kg) of Z. TENUIOR extract, significantly decreased the number of jumping (P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.001, for each concentration respectively) compared to control group. Teeth chattering and diarrhea decreased only with 75 and 100 mg/kg doses of extract (P<0.05). Rearing (P<0.05), climbing (P<0.05), writing (P<0.05), wet dog shakes (P<0.05) and grooming (P<0.01) behaviors decreased with all three doses of extract (P<0.05). In addition, clonidine as a reference drug significantly decreased all signs of withdrawal (P<0.05).Conclusion: Our results showed that ethanolic extract of Z. TENUIOR could alleviate morphine withdrawal signs. However, to determine the exact mechanism of action for Z. TENUIOR, the components have to be isolated and studied individually.